), municipal: 500 million cubic meters (2020 est. Ogaden | Region, History, & Conflict | Britannica )exports: 16 million kWh (2019 est. 2. All Somalis were required to register and to prove their belonging, consolidating their position as ambiguous citizens.Footnote17 The various counterinsurgency measures taken by the Kenyan state had severe economic impacts and to this day, the northeastern region remains one of the least developed, producing a dual exclusion of both the region and its people,Footnote18 with the regular internal checkpoint in Garissa still resembling a border station to Kenya for many Somalis.Footnote19, Outside of the northeastern region, urbanized Kenyan Somalis also felt marginalized: they were not only held responsible for the secessionist movement, but also lost the socio-economic status they had occupied in pre-independence society. Walaal means sister or brother in Somali and is, similar to warya, a reminder of difference. Possession of Kenyan identity documents is, however, a necessity for participation in the legal aspects of citizenship. . There are 18 countries and 2 dependencies in East Africa. Giving Informality Room. )note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49, 530 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est. By 2050, this number is forecast to almost double, and the country will be home to some 92.6. Ambiguous citizenship, as a concept, not only hints at the changing politics of the Kenyan state concerning its Somali citizens and the manifold ways in which Kenyan Somalis react to it, but it also takes into consideration the various roles Kenyan Somalis play in society. . The practices around the issuance of identity papers, the discrimination through vetting processes, as well as the forgery of papers, led to hopes that the introduction of biometric databases could make the registration and recognition process more transparent. ), 54.2% of GDP (2017 est. )from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Many are in refugee camps in Kenya and Yemen, from where they recount stories of horrific abuse. Menkhaus argues that this response strengthened support for al-Shabaab among ethnic Somalis in Kenya. Thirdly, there are SomalianFootnote2 refugees (officially, they numbered about 285,000 people in December 2017).Footnote3 The last, and smallest, group are the relatively affluent Somalian returnees, who migrated from Somalia to Europe or North America in the 1990s and later returned to East African urban areas.

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