Spine and tube feet measurements for each animal at each time point are shown in S2 Table. CEE was supported by the National Science Foundation Research for Undergraduates Program (Grant no 1262880). PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, In geological deposits, lime usually forms calcite crystals that have very different properties to sea urchin spines as they break easily along their cleavage planes. Given the important role that Notch signaling plays in stem or progenitor cell function, we examined the expression of the stem cell markers, Piwi and Vasa, in tube feet and the tissue associated with spines. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Structure-property relationships of a biological mesocrystal in the Distribution of von Mises stress under 1% applied compressive strain. Authors Brent Felix 1 . esophagus, radial nerve, and a sub-population of coelomocytes) suggests that multipotent cells are present throughout adult sea urchins and may contribute to normal homeostasis in addition to regeneration. Control animals regrew tube feet on average 0.46 0.09 mm/day (3.10 0.28% per day, R2 = 95.6, p < 0.05) and spines on average 0.38 0.02 mm/day (3.18 0.19% per day, R2 = 88.5, p < 0.05). Overall, there was a significant effect of time and concentration on regeneration (arcsine transformed, GLM, p < 0.05). Piwi belongs to the highly conserved Piwi/Argonaute family that binds to specific micro-RNAs called piRNAs, which act in transposon silencing and regulation of transcriptional activity [27]. Anisotropic single-crystal properties were assigned to model elasticity in the unique structure of the crystalline spine material. Wrote the paper: HCR AGB. Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. Georges GE 01, Bermuda. We are glad to know you liked our collection. However Urchin spines, with their single-crystal material, exhibit elastic properties as well as brittle fracture. Sea urchins were placed in a shallow tub filled with seawater and a ruler was positioned vertically, adjacent to the cut section.

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